Builders Of The Future

THE USE OF GREETING AND WELL-BEING INQUIRY VOCABULARY IN PERSIAN IN EVERYDAY AND FORMAL STYLES

Mukhlisa Almatova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes greeting and well-being inquiry units used in Persian in both formal and informal speech styles. The study examines greeting forms employed in daily oral communication, formal meetings, written letters, and mass media. The formulas of address in official letters, the introductory vocabulary used in organizational and institutional information, as well as simple greeting units in informal conversations are compared. It is also emphasized that some greeting forms do not strictly belong only to formal or informal groups, but may vary depending on the situation, the relationship between interlocutors, and the speech tone. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of communication culture and speech etiquette in Persian.

THE IDEA OF STRUGGLE AGAINST IGNORANCE IN CONTEMPORARY IRANIAN LITERATURE

Ziyodakhon Jurayeva — 2026-03-27

This article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of bureaucracy in the contemporary Iranian governance system and its negative consequences that hinder social development. Amuzoda Khalili examines factors such as paperwork, ignorance, and the rise of blind superstition. The article promotes the idea of combating ignorance through enlightenment. Indeed, the root of any societal ill lies precisely in ignorance.

THE VERB SYSTEM IN THE WORKS OF SODIQ HIDAYAT AND ZOYA PIRZOD

Sabohat Bakhadirova — 2026-03-27

This article examines one of the most complex and semantically multilayered components of the Persian verbal system — compound verbs — from a structural and semantic perspective. The main objective of the study is to identify the patterns of formation, grammatical models, and semantic shifts of compound verbs derived from simple verbs through a comparative analysis of early 20th-century and 21st-century Persian prose.

The research material is based on selected passages from Būf-e Kūr by Sadegh Hedayat and Cherāgh-hā rā man khāmūsh mīkonam by Zoya Pirzad. The compound verbs identified in these texts were classified according to their structural models (noun + verb, adjective + verb, etc.) and semantic groups, followed by a statistical analysis.

The findings indicate that in early 20th-century prose, compound verbs were predominantly used with a literary and stylistically marked function, whereas in 21st-century prose they tend to move toward a more colloquial usage, simplification, and increased communicative functionality. This shift reflects the historical and stylistic evolution of the Persian verbal system.

THE SYSTEM OF IMAGES IN PERSIAN NOVEL-WRITING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF MUSHFIQ KOZIMIY’S “QOʻRQINCHILI TEHRON”)

Rukhsora Zoitova — 2026-03-27

This article discusses the characters featured in Mushfiq Kozimiy’s novel “Qo‘rqinchli Tehron”. The article reveals a vivid depiction of the characters portrayed in the novel, the social problems of the period in which they lived, and the complexities of the human psyche. The novel occupies an important place in modern Iranian prose. It depicts the life of the city of Tehran, as well as the social, economic, and political aspects of its society.

SYMBOLIC AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION OF REVOLUTIONARY AND SOCIAL RESISTANCE IDEAS THROUGH POETRY IN ASADULLO HABIB’S IJODIDA ‘خط سرخ’

Hilola Rahmatova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the artistic expression of the ideas of resistance and freedom based on the example of Asadullo Habib’s poem “خط سرخ”. In the work, the poet reflects socio-political processes through symbolic imagery and artistically interprets the awakening of public consciousness, the struggle against oppression, and the aspiration for freedom. The study scientifically examines the genre characteristics of the poem, its symbolic system, and its artistic devices. The article also reveals the socio-philosophical content of the poem and the ways in which its revolutionary spirit is expressed.

ASPECTUAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS “KAWƏL / KEDƏL” IN THE PASHTO LANGUAGE

Marjona Panoyeva — 2026-03-27

This article systematically analyzes the aspectual and semantic features of auxiliary verbs in the Pashto language. The study focuses on auxiliary verbs such as kawəl (“to do”) and kedəl (“to be”) and their role in complex verb constructions. Special attention is given to how these verbs express duration, completion, resultativeness, and modal meanings of actions. Using functional-semantic and typological approaches, the article explains the mechanisms by which the aspect category is expressed in Pashto.

WAYS OF APOLOGIZING AND RESPONDING IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Sevinch Kuchkorova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes expressions of apologizing and responding to apologies in the Persian language, as well as their usage features. In the course of the study, commonly used expressions in everyday speech such as “ببخشید”, “شرمنده”, “معذرت می‌خواهم”, “متأسفم” and responses to them like “اشکالی ندارد”, “مهم‌ نیست” are examined as examples. The article discusses their use in formal and informal situations, as well as factors related to the relationship between interlocutors, age, social status, and speech context. Various forms of expressing apologies and corresponding response options are also considered. Based on examples, the article highlights the unique features of expressing apologies in Persian and demonstrates their role in speech culture.

ARTISTIC REFLECTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN GUL PACHO ULFAT’S SHORT STORIES

Mukhlisa Tulqinova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the творчество of the prominent Afghan Pashto short story writer Gul Pacho Ulfat, with particular focus on his story “Aql” (“Mind”). Unlike traditional Afghan prose writers, the author reveals human development primarily through internal struggle. Rather than external events, the inner psychological response to reality takes precedence. A number of the writer’s stories stand out for their focus on uncovering such aspects of the human psyche. At the same time, the author enriches the depiction of the character’s inner world through vivid narrative scenes. For a broader analysis, the story is comparatively studied alongside the writer’s work “Nafs” (“Ego/Desire”).

THE MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF THE PREPOSITION په [PE] IN THE PASHTO LANGUAGE

Lazizjon Farrukhovich Abdurakhimov — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the preposition په [pe] and its interaction with postpositions in the Pashto language, the features of their combined systematization, as well as the uniqueness inherent in this preposition as the most widely used particle in this language. The structural and semantic foundations of the preposition په [pe], as well as its role in sentence structuring, are examined. The paper provides illustrative examples of the use of the above-mentioned preposition and some postpositions of the Pashto language in sentence form, along with the особенностей of noun forms in terms of gender and number when used in constructions with these parts of speech. The results of the analytical study may be useful for linguists, translators, and learners of the Pashto language.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ZOONYM “DOG” IN DARI AND UZBEK FOLK PROVERBS

Bibi Robiya Rakhmonkulova — 2026-03-27

This article is devoted to the linguacultural analysis of the zoonym “dog” in Dari proverbs. Analytical, descriptive, classificatory, and linguacultural methods were used in the research. The purpose of this work is to identify the general symbolic meanings of the “dog” image in the folk consciousness through a linguacultural perspective in proverbs.

MENTALITY-SPECIFIC FEATURES IN UZBEK AND PERSIAN FAIRY TALES

Sarvinoz Yuldashova — 2026-03-27

This article examines the features of mentality reflected in Uzbek and Persian fairy tales through a comparative analysis. In the course of the research, national values, moral and ethical views, family relationships, heroic images, and interpretations of good and evil in the folklore of both peoples are explored. The study also analyzes how historical memory, worldview, and cultural thinking of the people are expressed in fairy tales. Similarities and differences between Uzbek and Persian fairy tales are revealed through the prism of mentality, and their role in shaping national identity is scientifically explained.

THE EXPRESSION OF CRIMINAL TERMS IN THE UZBEK TRANSLATION OF THE NOVEL «تهران مخوف»

Zarifa Mukhtorova — 2026-03-27

This paper presents a comparative analysis of criminal vocabulary and idioms used in the Uzbek translation of Murtaza Mushfiq Kazimi’s novel The Terrible Tehran.

SLANG WORDS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND THEIR USAGE

Muslimakhon Adkhamova — 2026-03-27

The article is devoted to the study of slang widely used in modern Persian. In the article, the meaning of each word is clarified, examples in sentences are provided, and their explanations are given. In this way, the use of slang in everyday speech and its application in various meanings are highlighted.

TERMINOLOGICAL POLICY AND STAGES OF TERM FORMATION AT THE IRANIAN ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

Nafisakhon Jumayeva — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the terminological policy of the academy od Persian language and literature, the principles of scientific term formation, and the main stages of terminology development. The study examines the academy’s activities aimed at developing the Persian language, forming scientific and technical terms on the basis of the national language, and standardizing them. The article systematically analyzes the stages of term selection, discussion, approval, and implementation in practice. The results of the research show that the academy plays an important role in enriching the scientific style of the Persian language, creating national terms instead of foreign borrowings, and regulating the terminological system. This study serves as an important academic source for examining terminological policy and the processes of term formation in Persian linguistics.

NATIONAL COLOR IN ABDURAḤIM TOLIBOV’S WORK “کتاب احمد”

Robiya Nuriddinbekova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the socio-political and educational views of Mirza Abdurrahim Talibov Tabrizi, one of the prominent representatives of the Iranian Enlightenment movement. In particular, through his work Kitab-i Ahmad, the study examines the relationship between science and religion, issues of education, national identity, and the artistic-aesthetic interpretation of Nowruz. The depiction of Nowruz in the work is interpreted as a symbol of historical memory, social unity, and spiritual renewal. The research highlights Talibov’s significant contribution to the development of constitutional thought and the national awakening process in Iran.

WAYS OF USING THE PREPOSITION د [DE] IN THE PASHTO LANGUAGE

Mokhinur Eraliyeva — 2026-03-27

The article examines the ways of using the preposition د (de) in the Pashto language and its functional-grammatical role within sentence structure. This grammatical element is one of the key means of expressing syntactic and semantic relationships in Pashto and performs an important system-forming function. The aim of the study is to analyze this preposition, identify its meanings, and highlight its usage features in various types of phrases and sentences.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFGHANISTAN AND ITS ROLE IN SOCIETAL PROGRESS

Diyora Rakhmatullayeva — 2026-03-27

This article examines the development of translation studies in Afghanistan and its significance in societal life. It analyzes the impact of literary, religious, and scientific works translated from foreign languages into Dari and Pashto on cultural and educational development. Additionally, the article provides a brief overview of existing challenges in the field and prospects for its future.

SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NOUN-FORMING SUFFIX -CHI IN THE UZBEK AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

Surayyo M. Mamadaliyeva — 2026-03-27

This article presents a comparative analysis of the semantic features of the noun-forming suffix -chi, which is actively used in the Uzbek and Persian languages. The study identifies the semantic domains, polysemy, degree of productivity, and functional load of this affix in both languages. It examines the common and distinctive features of the suffix -chi in expressing meanings related to profession, occupation, social status, affiliation, behavioral characteristics, and functional relations to objects. The research employs comparative-typological, semantic component, contextual, and lexico-derivational analysis methods, as well as statistical observations based on corpus linguistics data. As a result, a semantic field model of the suffix -chi is developed, and a comparative semantic typology of affixation in the Uzbek and Persian languages is proposed. The findings are of significant scholarly value for comparative linguistics, theoretical morphology, translation studies, and applied lexicography.

SAID TASHAKKURIY – A VERSATILE CREATOR

Zilola Abdullayeva — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the life and multifaceted creative activity of Said Tashakkuriy, a prominent representative of 20th–21st century Iranian literature and performing arts. It examines his work as a novelist, playwright, screenwriter, and director, with particular emphasis on his contribution to the development of the historical novel genre. Furthermore, his works on historical, religious, and social themes, as well as his awards and his role in Iran’s cultural life, are examined from a scholarly perspective.

DARI LANGUAGE DIALECTS

Makhfuza Mamasodikova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the main dialects of the Dari language formed within the territory of Afghanistan, focusing on their phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features. In particular, the specific characteristics of the Kabul, Herat, Hazaragi, Mazar-i-Sharif, and Badakhshan dialects, as well as the historical factors behind their formation, are examined. The relationship between these dialects and the literary language, the influence of regional and ethnic factors, and their linguistic interactions with neighboring languages are discussed on a scientific basis. The article also demonstrates that Dari dialects, rather than undermining linguistic unity, contribute to its enrichment and development.

ANALYSIS OF PROVERBS FOUND IN THE WORKS OF SAADI SHIRAZI AND ABULQASIM FERDOWSI

Nilufar Muminova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the artistic and ideological features of proverbs found in the works of two great representatives of classical Eastern literature—Saadi Shirazi and Abulqasim Ferdowsi. The study comparatively examines the didactic maxims in Saadi’s works “Gulistan” and “Bustan”, as well as the epic-aphoristic verses in Ferdowsi’s epic “Shahnameh.” As a result, it is determined that Saadi’s proverbs predominantly reflect moral and pedagogical essence, while Ferdowsi’s proverbs are characterized by a strong national-epic nature.

DIPLOMATIC TERMS IN THE DARI LANGUAGE AND THEIR HISTORY

Nafisa Abduvaliyeva — 2026-03-27

Diplomacy plays an important role in regulating political, economic, and cultural relations between states. Each language has its own terminology in the diplomatic sphere, which develops under the influence of historical processes, political changes, and international relations. Dari is one of these languages, and as the official language of Afghanistan, it is widely used in diplomatic correspondence, international negotiations, and official state documents. This article analyzes the origin, development, and historical foundations of diplomatic terms in the Dari language.

THE ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF A WOMAN’S FATE IN AKROM USMON’S STORY “FROM DEATH TO LIFE”

Mokhinur Asomjonova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the artistic interpretation of women's fate in the works of one of the prominent representatives of modern Afghan literature, Akrom Usmon. The study examines the writer’s work “Az marg to zendagi” (“From Death to Life”) as the main source and provides a scholarly analysis of how the life destinies, inner experiences, and social roles of female characters are artistically portrayed in the work. Through the depiction of female characters, the author raises important social and moral issues existing in society. The article also reveals the significance of the writer’s role in addressing important social and spiritual problems through the images of women.

THE PERSIAN LAYER IN UZBEK LITERARY TEXTS: A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL “SCORPION FROM THE ALTAR”

Noziya Davlatova — 2026-03-27

The language of Abdulla Qodiriy’s works, as a key representative of the fifth school of world novel-writing, serves as an important source for understanding the historical context of the period, the characters’ personalities, and the lexical layers of the Uzbek language. The analysis of Persian lexemes in the novel “The Scorpion from the Altar” provides a foundation for comprehensive reflections on the socio-cultural environment of 19th-century Zulnisayn.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONETIC CHANGES IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF KANDAHAR AND NANGARHAR DIALECTS

Shodiya Akromova — 2026-03-27

This article provides a comparative analysis of phonetic changes observed in the major regional dialects of the Pashto language—Kandahar and Nangarhar. The study examines changes in the pronunciation of consonants and vowels, phonetic alternations, sound deletion and insertion, as well as stress and intonation features, illustrated with examples. Conservative phonetic features characteristic of the Kandahar dialect and innovative pronunciation phenomena observed in the Nangarhar dialect are analyzed, and their relationship to standard literary Pashto is determined. The study also explains the connection between phonetic differences and social, geographical, and historical factors. The results of the research are of significant scientific importance for the fields of Pashto dialectology, phonetics, and comparative linguistics, and contribute to the systematic study of dialectal variation.

THE DEPICTION OF PORTRAITS IN THE TRANSLATION OF BOZORG ALAVI’S “HER EYES”

Hulkar Murotova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the artistic features of portrait depiction in the famous novel چشم‌هایش (“Cheshmhoyash”) by Bozorg Alaviy, a prominent representative of 20th-century Iranian literature. The study examines the role of portraiture in reflecting the characters’ appearance, facial expressions, eye depiction, and psychological state. In addition, the article discusses the translation skills of Ahmadjon Qurbonbekov, who directly translated the work into Uzbek, focusing on how portraits are rendered in the translation. The study concludes that portrait depictions serve as an important artistic tool for revealing the inner world of the characters.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEMS OF IRAN AND UZBEKISTAN

Gulobar Tukhtavaliyeva — 2026-03-27

The development, structure, and historical influences on the education systems of Iran and Uzbekistan are analyzed. The study highlights the stages of Iran’s education system, literacy levels, and the connection of education policy with historical processes. It also examines the post-1979 revolution reforms and the Islamization of the education system. Additionally, the changes in Uzbekistan’s education system, post-independence reforms, and the state’s attention to education are analyzed.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY

Sabrina Keldiyorova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the colloquial style of the Persian language, its specific features, and expressions used in everyday speech. The simplicity, emotionality, and expressiveness of colloquial language are illustrated with examples.

THE HISTORY OF STUDYING IRANIAN TOPONYMY AND THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH

Orzigul Safarmatova — 2026-03-27

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the study of Iranian toponymy and the current state of research. In modern Iranian studies, there is a need to systematically study geographical names, analyze their transformation, and summarize the work done by world scientists in this field. The study examines the linguistic and historical stages of place names from the ancient period to the Middle Persian, Arabic, and Turkic layers. The scientific views of research centers and scholars are briefly reviewed.

THE ARTISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTER DEPICTION IN AFGHAN WRITER ASADULLO HABIB’S STORIES “سه مزدور” AND “دهقانان”

Khushnoza Ravshanova — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the distinctive features of character depiction in Asadullo Habib’s story “سه مزدور”. The study highlights how the characters’ physical appearance, psychological state, and social status are revealed through various artistic devices, particularly comparative description and portrait elements. The research examines, on a scientific basis, the compositional and aesthetic functions of expressive means in shaping a character. As a result of the article, the author’s mastery of character creation and artistic style are identified.

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MECHANISMS OF FORMING PERSONALITY CONCEPTS IN MODERN PERSIAN

Dilbarkhon Tuygunkhujayeva — 2026-03-27

This article is devoted to the psycholinguistic mechanisms of forming personality concepts in modern Persian. Within the psycholinguistic approach, special attention is given to the mechanisms of forming personality concepts — stable cognitive structures that include semantic, evaluative, emotional, and cultural components. The aim of this article is to identify the psycholinguistic mechanisms of forming personality concepts in modern Persian based on evaluative adjectives and names of personal qualities. The analysis of this vocabulary allows for revealing the mechanisms of linguistic construction of personality in Persian-speaking consciousness.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BORROWINGS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Sevinch Normuminova — 2026-03-27

This article examines words borrowed from English into the Persian language and their usage. It demonstrates, with examples, how technology, the internet, business, culture, and international relations have influenced the incorporation of English words into Persian. The article also discusses how these words enrich the Persian vocabulary and contribute to the national lexicon. The results of the study help to understand how languages interact today and how new words are adopted. The conclusion analyzes the main factors influencing the entry of English words into Persian, each of which is illustrated with examples.

TRANSLATION FEATURES AND EQUIVALENTS OF SOMATIC COMPONENT PROVERBS FROM THE DARI LANGUAGE INTO UZBEK

Nargizakhon Mirakhatova — 2026-03-27

This article presents several proverbs in the Dari language that contain somatic components and form a significant part of the proverb system. They are compared with their equivalents in the Uzbek language and issues of translation and possible alternative variants are analyzed.

THE DEPICTION OF ROMANTIC FEELINGS IN FARIDUN MUSHIRI’S POEM “THE ALLEY”

Iroda Rahmonaliyeva — 2026-03-27

This article analyzes the famous poem “The Alley” by Faridun Mushiri, a representative of modern Persian poetry. The study examines the artistic devices, imagery, and symbolic meanings in the poem, as well as its linguistic and stylistic features. Additionally, the composition, rhythm, and tonal characteristics of the poem are analyzed. The article briefly presents the content, essence, and artistic value of the poem from a literary perspective.