Builders Of The Future

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF RETROFLEX (CEREBRAL) SOUNDS IN PASHTO AND HINDI LANGUAGES

2025-05-23T02:21:16+00:00

Studying the phonetics of every language in the world is one of the important goals and responsibilities of language learners today. One of the distinctive features of the phonetics section is the deep study of retroflex (cerebral) sounds, which is one of the important reasons for students learning Pashto and Hindi. This article examines the similarities and differences of retroflex (cerebral) sounds in Pashto and Hindi languages. The main goal of the article was to analyze the noticeable and significant similarities and differences in the pronunciation of cerebral sounds in both languages.

THE MOTIF OF NOSTALGIA IN GULI TARAQQIY'S STORY “THE SHAMIRON BUS”

2025-05-23T04:21:32+00:00

This article analyzes Guli Taraqqiy's story "Shamiron Bus", exploring its theme, main characters, and philosophical ideas. The author’s childhood memories, views on human relationships, as well as the proverbs and aphorisms used in the story, are utilized to reveal the main idea of the work.

THE STUDY OF IZOFA-LINKED PREPOSITIONS IN THE GRAMMARS OF DARI AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2025-05-23T00:26:24+00:00

This article analyzes the use of izofa-linked prepositions in the research of Afghan and Iranian linguists.

CLASSIFICATION OF PERSIAN LOANWORDS IN THE EPIC 'KHOSROW AND SHIRIN

2025-05-23T03:14:30+00:00

This article is dedicated to the classification of Persian loanwords in the Turkish translation of Nizami Ganjavi's "Khosrow and Shirin," which was carried out by Qutb Khwarezmi. In particular, the Persian loanwords in the "Beginning of the Khosrow and Shirin narrative" section are analyzed and categorized into groups.

MODERNIST PRINCIPLES IN MEHRNUSH MAZOURI’S SHORT STORY “A STRANGER IN THE HOUSE”

2025-05-23T05:25:21+00:00

This article explores the emergence and development of modernism in Iranian literature. It also presents a plot analysis of the modernist short story “A Stranger in the House” by one of Iran's female writers, Mehrnush Mazorei.

EVALUATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND THEIR TRANSLATION (BASED ON ZOYA PIRZAD’S NOVEL I’LL TURN OFF THE LIGHTS)

2025-05-23T01:51:46+00:00

This article analyzes elements of ta’arof in the Persian language and their representation in the process of translation into Uzbek. The novel I’ll Turn Off the Lights by Zoya Pirzad was chosen as the object of the study, with a comparative analysis of ta’arof expressions within the text. The research examines communication and greeting styles in both Persian and Uzbek, identifying key challenges in translation and proposing possible solutions. The findings contribute to the theory and practice of translation and help deepen the understanding of intercultural communication.

ANALYSIS OF THE POETIC EXCERPTS IN THE WORK 'SIYOSATNOMA'

2025-05-23T04:08:37+00:00

This article analyzes the poetic excerpts in the work Siyosatnoma by the great statesman and thinker Nizam al-Mulk. The poems found in the work encompass ideas on state governance, justice, moral values, and provide valuable advice for rulers. The author effectively utilized poetic expressions to address the political and social issues of his time. The article discusses the content of these poetic excerpts and analyzes their artistic characteristics.

THE CONCEPT OF "ERGATIVITY" IN PASHTO AND HINDI LANGUAGES AND ITS GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS

2025-05-23T02:59:56+00:00

Among the Eastern languages that have greatly influenced the historical development of Pashto, the Hindi language is a significant one, and both lexical and grammatical elements of Hindi in Pashto serve as clear examples of this influence. This scientific article is considered one of the initial steps toward analyzing the interrelation, differences, and similarities of the "ergative construction" in both languages. Additionally, the article discusses how ergative constructions are formed in Pashto and Hindi languages, analyzed through sentences where the predicate agrees not directly with the subject, but with the object. Our goal is to carry out a comparative analysis of ergativity in Pashto with other Eastern languages in the future. In the preparation of this article, the following sources were used: R. Inomkhodjayev's "Grammar of the Pashto Language". "Methodological Approaches for Teaching the Ergative Construction in Pashto". R.M.V. Dixon's "Ergativity". M. Farooq's "Pashto Language: Solving the Mysteries of the Past Tense". Muhammad's "Ergative Construction in Pashto".

INTERPRETATION OF THE IDEAS OF KINDNESS IN THE STORY 'TO WHOM SHOULD I GIVE MY LITTLE HEART?'

2025-05-23T05:09:33+00:00

This article analyzes Nodir Ibrohimi's story "To Whom Should I Give My Little Heart?" The work depicts the human heart as a symbol of kindness, love, and tolerance, and through the inner experiences of the main character — a child — the highest human values are highlighted. The article also analyzes the emotional narrative techniques used to demonstrate the infinite nature of the human heart and its openness to goodness. This article will help in understanding the story and grasping its meaning and essence.

THE PROCEDURE FOR WRITING OFFICIAL LETTERS IN PERSIAN

2025-05-23T01:36:02+00:00

In this article, the style of writing official letters in Persian and its main principles are analyzed. Official correspondence, including letters used in government offices, diplomatic, and academic fields, is studied in terms of form, content, and stylistic aspects. The article explains the structure of official letters, particularly the importance of components such as the heading, introduction, body of the letter, and conclusion. Additionally, it provides information on expressions of respect, phrases used in formal language, and grammatical aspects. This article serves as a practical guide for properly shaping official correspondence in Persian.

ASADULLO HABIB – POET

2025-05-23T03:52:34+00:00

This article discusses the poetic works of Asadullo Habib, a prominent representative of modern Afghan Dari literature, a well-known literary scholar, writer, and poet. Specifically, it examines the themes, genre characteristics, and content of the poems included in his collection “خط سرخ” (“Red Line”).

RELATIONSHIP OF PASHTO DIALECTS WITH LITERARY LANGUAGE AND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE (BASED ON THE DIALECTS OF KANDAHAR, NANGARHAR, KABUL, AND PAKTIYA)

2025-05-23T02:45:00+00:00

Studying the Pashto language dialects is considered one of the important issues. The significance of this issue is that any national language, whether it is an official state language or a local language, relies on dialects, and these dialects influence the literary language. It is also noteworthy that, depending on social conditions, the dialects that affect the literary language may change over time. The relationship between dialects and the literary language is a complex process and is linked to social factors, such as geographic conditions, politics, the development of economic centers, urban growth, and others. This article is dedicated to shedding light on the relationship between Pashto dialects and the literary language in Afghanistan, a multilingual country.

ARTISTIC IMAGERY IN ASADULLO HABIB'S STORIES “GULCHEHRA” AND “QORA TULPOR”

2025-05-23T04:56:22+00:00

This article analyzes the work of the unique and truthful Afghan writer Asadullo Habib, particularly focusing on his stories "Gulchehra" and "Qora Tulpor". Furthermore, the article highlights how these works reflect different stages of Afghan society, particularly war and its impact on humanity. To expand the analysis, a comparative study was conducted with the Uzbek writer Shukur Xolmirzayev's story "Ot egasi" (The Horse Owner).

AN ANALYSIS OF LOANWORDS IN MODERN JOURNALISTIC PERSIAN

2025-05-23T00:52:23+00:00

This article contains a detailed analysis of all the loanwords in a single Persian-language news article, and establishes a repeatable methodology for this process of loanword analysis that may aid linguists in obtaining a better understanding of the role of loanwords in modern Persian as used in traditional media. Attention was paid in particular to how loanwords of different origins (Arabic vs. European) were utilized by the author. The article concludes that Arabic loanwords are typically utilized in a way that reflects the legacy of Arabic as the former language of science and politics throughout the Middle-East, while European loanwords are utilized in a way that reflects the prevalence of Western culture in the modern world. Furthermore, the article also notes the remarkably pronounced presence of calques of academic / political English terms in the article, something which further showcases the prevalence of Western culture in today’s world.

DEVELOPED SPORTS IN IRAN

2025-05-23T03:36:27+00:00

This article discusses the national and developed sports in Iran. The main purpose of writing this article is to differentiate the national sports games and the developing sports in the Islamic Republic of Iran and to study their Persian names.

THE SYNTACTIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF VERBS IN HAFEZ SHIRAZI'S GHAZALS

2025-05-23T02:27:59+00:00

In this article, the verbs used in Hafez Shirazi’s ghazals have been studied and analyzed. After extracting the verbs from the selected ghazals, they were examined in terms of structural composition. Morphologically, they were classified into groups such as simple, prefixed, and compound verbs.

MUHAMMAD ALI JAMOLZODA - FOUNDER OF THE SHORT STORY GENRE

2025-05-23T04:43:04+00:00

This article analyzes Muhammad Ali Jamolzoda’s contribution to the development of the short story genre. He is regarded as the founder of realism in Persian literature and is known for his works that expose social issues in society. His stories are distinguished by their simple language and strong artistic expression. This article explores the writer’s literary legacy, the unique features of his short stories, and their impact on Persian literature.

THE REFLECTION OF “FIXED SIMILE EXPRESSIONS” IN PERSIAN LITERARY WORKS IN PERSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

2025-05-23T00:35:22+00:00

This article compares examples of similes in Uzbek and Persian languages. Similes are analyzed and discussed through examples. The purpose of this article is to examine similes in Persian literary works and their Uzbek translations, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the translations, and to study the translator’s skill.

PERSIAN BORROWINGS IN THE POETRY OF ABDULLA QODIRIY

2025-05-23T03:21:28+00:00

This article is dedicated to the study of Persian borrowings in the poetry of the famous Uzbek writer, translator, and novelist Abdulla Qodiriy. It analyzes the Persian borrowings in the poet's work, examining the integration of the Persian language in each section of his poetry.

HUMOROUS STORIES OF NASREDDIN AFANDI IN AFGHAN LITERATURE FOLKLORE AND THE ARTISTIC DEPICTION TECHNIQUES IN THEM

2025-05-23T05:31:11+00:00

This article explores one of the most prominent genres of Afghan folklore, the humorous stories of Nasreddin Afandi, specifically focusing on his stories "The Glasses" and "Mulla Nasreddin's Robe." During the research of these humorous stories, two significant differences can be observed. The first difference lies in the contrast between the society living in comfort and the people enduring hardship, as the humor in these stories ridicules the lifestyle of those enjoying luxury while sharply pointing out the problems existing in society.

ANALYSIS OF ARTICLES WITH THE COMPONENT "SALT" IN PERSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES"

2025-05-23T02:14:26+00:00

This article discusses the role of salt in Persian and Uzbek proverbs. It also provides information about common proverbs involving salt in both Persian and Uzbek languages, along with their semantic analysis.

IRANIAN AND AFGHAN LITERARY STUDIES

2025-05-23T04:14:54+00:00

This article analyzes the similarities and differences between Iranian and Afghan literary studies. Both countries’ literary traditions share common features related to Persian literary traditions, religious-philosophical views, and the dominance of poetry. However, due to the influence of political and social circumstances, their development paths differ. Iranian literary studies have focused more on contemporary literary trends, while Afghan literary studies emphasize themes of war and social issues. The article helps to deeply understand the characteristics of Iranian and Afghan literary studies through comparing the factors of their formation, regional influences, and scholarly approaches.

ARTICLES INVOLVING QUANTITATIVE NUMBERS IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE

2025-05-23T03:07:10+00:00

This article provides a classification of proverbs and sayings in the Persian language that involve numbers. It also discusses the role and meaning of numbers in the structure of proverbs.

INTERPRETATION OF ARTISTIC AND SUFISTIC CONCEPTS IN RUMI'S GHAZAL 'آمده ام که سر نهم'

2025-05-23T05:17:56+00:00

This article presents the Uzbek translation of the 1403rd ghazal “آمده ام که سر نهم” (āmade-am ke sar naham) from Jalal al-Din Rumi’s work Divan-e Shams Tabrizi, one of the great figures of Persian literature. Artistic and Sufistic concepts are interpreted in the article. Relying on the thoughts and reflections of Iranian Rumi scholars and Sufism experts, the article highlights the meanings and content of the ghazal, as well as the meanings and usage contexts of the words used in the ghazal, based on sources and dictionaries.

THE PROBLEM OF HALF-VOWEL IN THE PERSIAN WRITING SYSTEM

2025-05-23T01:44:48+00:00

This article is dedicated to the issue of spacing in the Persian writing system. The study examines the placement of spaces between morphemes in Persian words and the reasons behind its development. Additionally, the types of spacing between morphemes, their usage, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are discussed.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMAGES IN THE WORKS OF MIGUEL DE CERVANTES "DON QUIXOTE" AND IRAJ PEZESHKHOD "MY UNCLE NAPOLEON"

2025-05-23T03:58:49+00:00

The article provides a comparative analysis of the system of characters in the novels of Miguel de Cervantes "Don Quixote" and Iraj Pezeshkhod "Uncle Napoleon". The typological closeness of the novels of both writers is shown, a number of textual coincidences of their works are considered.

ARAB AND PERSIAN IN THEIR LANGUAGES

2025-05-23T02:53:08+00:00

This article analyzes the specific features of the grammatical category of "Izofa" in Arabic and Persian languages, as well as the similarities and differences, through several examples.

THE TRAGEDY OF THE ERA AND THE INDIVIDUAL IN AMUZODA KHALILI'S STORY 'TWO UNRIPE DATES

2025-05-23T05:02:43+00:00

This article analyzes the story “Two Unripe Dates” by Faridun Amuzoda Khalili, a contemporary Iranian children's writer. The work is dedicated to the difficult lives of the nomadic peoples living in Iran. Through this story, the author seeks to highlight the painful issues of the time and draw public attention to them.

ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC TERMS IN MUHAMMADULLO LOTF'S GRAMMAR 'دستور زبان دری. نحو'

2025-05-23T01:02:33+00:00

After the Dari language (along with Pashto) was listed as an official language in the Constitution of Afghanistan adopted during the reign of Muhammad Zahir Shah in 1964, work began to be carried out to develop the language. A number of scholars began to write works on the grammar of the Dari language. In 1982, Muhammadullah Lotf's book "Grammar of Dari language. Syntax" was published, intended for independent study by Dari language teachers. The article studies the syntactic terms and their use in this work.

ABDURAHIMBEK TOLIBOV'S ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO MODERN IRANIAN PROSE

2025-05-23T03:44:04+00:00

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Abdurahimbek Tolibov's enlightenment ideas and his contribution to modern Iranian literature. It explores Tolibov’s views on education, social and political reforms, and analyzes the influence of his works on Iran’s enlightenment movement and modernization. The article also highlights his most famous works, their plots, and thematic content.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE TRANSLATION OF PERSIAN WORDS, PHRASES, AND WORD COMBINATIONS INTO UZBEK BASED ON SADIQ HIDAYAT’S STORY “GIRDOB

2025-05-23T02:34:48+00:00

The Persian language is rich in beautiful and diverse expressions and phraseological units. These are often linked to history, religion, literature, and folk oral traditions, and it is important to give them great attention when translating. In general, through this article, Persian words, word combinations, and phrases, their translation methods, and how they convey meaning and content in Uzbek, as well as their synonyms in Uzbek, will be explained.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NOVELS “تهران مخوف” (“THE TERRIFYING TEHRAN”) AND “KECHA VA KUNDUZ”

2025-05-23T04:49:45+00:00

In modern Iranian literature, the first social novel by the author Mushfiq Kozimiy, "تهران مخوف" ("The Terrifying Tehran"), stands out with its unique theme and artistic-aesthetic characteristics. This article presents a comparative analysis of this novel with Abdulhamid Cho‘lpon's "Kecha va Kunduz" (Night and Day), a prominent work of Jadid literature.

RECREATION OF NATURE IMAGERY IN THE NOVEL FRIGHTENING TEHRAN

2025-05-23T00:43:41+00:00

This article analyzes the novel Frightening Tehran and its Uzbek translation through selected examples. The purpose of the article is to examine translations of works from modern Persian literature into Uzbek, to identify the translator’s strengths and weaknesses, and to study their translation skills.

THE ACTIVITY OF THE ACADEMY OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

2025-05-23T03:30:14+00:00

This article discusses the activity of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the research conducted by them, and the adopted terminology, as well as the role of pure and borrowed words in the Persian language.

IRANIAN AND AFGHAN LITERARY STUDIES

2025-05-23T05:38:34+00:00

The literary studies and history of Iranian and Afghan literature, and their development.